1) In mammals, sperm are produced in adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote and adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote are produced in ovaries; in flowering plants, the adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote contain pollen and the adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote contain egg cells.
2) During fertilisation, the nuclei of two gametes fuse to form a adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote. This process produces variety within the species since each zyg;ote receives genetic information form two adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote parents.
3) Chromosomes contain deoxyribonucleic acid (adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote) which consists of two strands each bearing a chain of adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote molecules. The sequence of bases present in a region of DNA represents a series of codewords. These pass on a message that determines the sequence of adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote acids in, and the structure of, a particular adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
4) Each body cell of a multicellular organism has two matching sets of adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote. During adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote formation (meiosis), matching chromosomes pair up and then adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote again. Each gamete formed receives one but not both members of a pair of chromosomes giving it a adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote set of chromosomes.
5) The separation of the members of a pair of chromosomes during meiosis occurs adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote of the separation of all other pairs. This 'shuffling' of chromosomes leads to adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote in the gametes and in the offspring produced.
6) Each body cell of a human adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote contains two X chromosomes; each body cell of a human male contains one X and one adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote chromosome.
7) All human eggs receive an X chromosome; half of the sperm receive an X and half a Y chromosome. The sex of a human individual is adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote by the type of adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote that fertilises the egg.
8) An organism's physical characteristics are known collectively as its adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote; an organism's inherited characteristics are determined by adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote information received from both of its adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
9) Each inherited characteristic is controlled by one or more units of heredity called adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote; each gene is part of a chromosome.
10) Each gene normally has two or more different forms called adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote. An allele that always shows its effect and masks the presence of the other form is said to be adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote; an allele that is masked by the dominant form is said to be adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
11) Each gamete carries only one allele of a gene; each zygote formed at adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote receives two alleles for each gene, one from each parent.
12) The complete set of genes possessed by an organism is called its adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote. The genotype of an organism with identical alleles of a gene is described as adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote; the genotype of an organism with two different alleles of a gene is described as adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
13) An experimental cross involving one difference between two true-breeding parents is called a adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote cross. All members of the F1 generation resemble the parent with the dominant allele. Selfing of the F1 produces an F2 generation with a phenotypic adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote of 3:1.
14) An organism's phenotype is the result of the interaction between its genotype and the adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote. Differences in phenotype caused by differences in genotype are adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote and passed on from generation to generation. Differences in phenotype caused by environmental factors are not passed on to the next adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
15) Those members of a species that are better adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote to the environment survive to adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote age and pass on the adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote characteristics to succeeding generations; those members less well suited fail to do so. This survival of the 'fittest' in each generation is called adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote selection.
16) Genetic adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote allows pieces of DNA to be cut out of one organism and adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote into another organism which then forms a substance new to that species.
17) adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote bacteria can be used as chemical adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote to produce useful products such as human adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote.
18) Unlike selective adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote, genetic engineering allows scientists to alter an organism's genotype adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote so that it will produce exactly what is required immediately.adaptedallelesaminoanthersbasebreedingchromosomesdetermineddifferentdirectlyDNAdominanteggsengineeringenvironmentfactoriesfavourablefemalefertilisationgametegenerationgenesgenetichereditaryheterozygoushomozygousindependentlyinsertedinsulinmonohybridnaturalovulesparentsphenotypeproteinratiorecessivereproductiveReprogrammedseparatespermtestesvarietyYzygote