1) The heart is a muscular antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite consisting of two upper chambers called atria and two lower chambers called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite.
2) antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite blood returns to the heart via the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite; it is pumped by the heart to the lungs via the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite artery. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart from the lungs by the pulmonary antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite; it is pumped by the heart to the body via the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite.
3) An AV antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite prevents backflow of blood from a ventricle to an antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite; an SL antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite prevents backflow from an associated artery to a ventricle.
4) The wall of the left ventricle is antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite than that of the right ventricle because the left pumps blood all round the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite.
5) The aorta divides into arteries that supply oxygenated blood to all parts of the body. The antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite artery supplies the heart wall, the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite artery supplies the liver, the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite artery takes blood to the gut, the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite artery transports blood to the kidneys. Veins from all of these organs, except the gut, return deoxygenated blood directly to the vena cava.
6) The gut is exceptional in that its deoxygneated blood is first carried to the liver by the hepatic antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite vein.
7) antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite are thick-walled vessels that carry blood away from the heart; veins are thinner walled vessels with valves that carry blood back to the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite.
8) Arteries divide into smaller vessels called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite; veins are formed by the convergence of smaller vessels called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite. Blood passes from arterioles to venules through tiny microscopic vessels called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite.
9) Blood contains red and antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite blood cells suspended in liquid called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite. antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite food is carried in plasma. Some antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite is transported in plasma and some is carried in antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite blood cells.
10) Oxygen is carried in red blood cells combined with antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite. Haemoglobin associates with oxygen at high oxygen levels in the antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite and antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite from it at low oxygen levels in antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite tissues.
11) White blood cells called monocytes (and antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite derived from them) engulf and digest disease-causing bacteria by antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite, which is a non-specific response.
12) White blood cells called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite produce antibodies in response to alien molecules called antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite. Antibody formation is a antigensaortaArteriesarteriolesatriumbloodbodycapillariescarbon dioxidecoronaryDeoxygenateddissociatesDissolvedhaemoglobinhearthepaticlymphocytesmacrophagesmesentericphagocytosisplasmaportalpulmonarypumpredrenalrespiringspecificthickervalveveinvena cavaventriclesvenuleswhite response.