Chapter 8

Gap-fill exercise

Fill in all the gaps, then press "Check" to check your answers. Use the "Hint" button to get a free letter if an answer is giving you trouble. Note that you will lose points if you ask for hints or clues!



1. An is a chemical substance produced naturally by one type of micro-organism (e.g. a fungus) that or prevents the further growth of another type of (e.g. bacterium). Antibiotics do not work on .

2. Different antibiotics are effective against different bacteria. If the bacterium’s growth is prevented by the antibiotic, the bacterium is said to be ; if the antibiotic has no effect, the bacterium is said to be .

3. Antibiotics are produced naturally by soil to kill their .

4. The first antibiotic was discovered by Alexander . He called it .

5. An is a chemical substance that down or stops the growth of fungal infections such as and .

6. The technology that allows scientists to transfer genes from one living organism to another is called engineering. This procedure makes it possible for scientists to create micro-organisms that have been genetically to produce a pharmaceutical product (e.g. cells that can make hepatitis B .

7. the pharmaceutical industry grows useful micro-organisms on a vast scale in industrial to produce huge quantities of such as antibiotics.

8. IN an industrial fermenter, conditions such as are carefully by computers and are automatically when necessary to give the microbe the ideal conditions for .

9. When a new antibiotic is discovered, it is normally very effective at the start but soon becomes effective as resistant strains of appear and increase in number.

10. of antibiotics by doctors and over-use of antibiotics by can both lead to an increase in number of bacteria that develop to antibiotics.